Este trabajo explora en algunas obras de Maurice Merleau-Ponty la posibilidad de considerar el cuerpo como una máquina nerviosa, tomando como marco su crítica a la mentalidad cientificista y positivista. Para cumplir con este propósito se estudia la relación entre el cuerpo y el mundo, dando particular atención a las reflexiones vinculadas a la ciencia y la técnica. Las obras que serán protagonistas en esta exploración son La fenomenología de la percepción (1945), El mundo de la percepción (conjunto de conferencias (...) publicado en 1948 bajo el título Causeries ) y El ojo y el espíritu (último artículo publicado en su vida, en 1961). (shrink)

Este trabajo explora en algunas obras de Maurice Merleau-Ponty la posibilidad de considerar el cuerpo como una máquina nerviosa, tomando como marco su crítica a la mentalidad cientificista y positivista. Para cumplir con este propósito se estudia la relación entre el cuerpo y el mundo, dando particular atención a las reflexiones vinculadas a la ciencia y la técnica. Las obras que serán protagonistas en esta exploración son La fenomenología de la percepción (1945), El mundo de la percepción (conjunto de conferencias (...) publicado en 1948 bajo el título Causeries ) y El ojo y el espíritu (último artículo publicado en su vida, en 1961). (shrink)

8 March, now known as International Women’s Day, is a day for feminist claims where demonstrations are organized in over 150 countries, with the participation of millions of women all around the world. These demonstrations can be viewed as collective rituals and thus focus attention on the processes that facilitate different psychosocial effects. This work aims to explore the mechanisms involved in participation in the demonstrations of 8 March 2020, collective and ritualized feminist actions, and their correlates associated with personal (...) well-being and collective well-being, collective efficacy and collective growth, and behavioral intention to support the fight for women’s rights. To this end, a cross-cultural study was conducted with the participation of 2,854 people from countries in Latin America and Europe, with a retrospective correlational cross-sectional design and a convenience sample. Participants were divided between demonstration participants and non-demonstrators or followers who monitored participants through the media and social networks. Compared with non-demonstrators and with males, female and non-binary gender respondents had greater scores in mechanisms and criterion variables. Further random-effects model meta-analyses revealed that the perceived emotional synchrony was consistently associated with more proximal mechanisms, as well as with criterion variables. Finally, sequential moderation analyses showed that proposed mechanisms successfully mediated the effects of participation on every criterion variable. These results indicate that participation in 8M marches and demonstrations can be analyzed through the literature on collective rituals. As such, collective participation implies positive outcomes both individually and collectively, which are further reinforced through key psychological mechanisms, in line with a Durkheimian approach to collective rituals. (shrink)

El artículo pretende discutir, a la luz del debate contemporáneo entremoralidad y eticidad, los modelos de comportamiento moral en el Perú. Lacrítica a la moralidad (moral moderna) se desarrolla contrastando los ideales y la práctica de los liberales independentistas del S. XIX. A pesar deexistir una mezcla de contenidos morales, las alternativas que se buscanposteriormente implican un retorno a la moral aristotélica y cristiana ( eticidad). Esto es lo que se observa en filósofos como Alejandro Deustua, en políticos como Víctor (...) Andrés Belaunde y José Carlos Mariátegui, y particularmente en la narrativa de José María Arguedas. (shrink)

Different theoretical approaches highlight the growing relevance of corporate reputation as strategic factor. Among these approaches the arguments of the Resource-Based View are special worthwhile (Grant, 1991, California Management Review 33(3), 114–135; Barney, 1999, Sloan Management Review Spring, 137–145). Nevertheless, this topic poses several methodological problems (Barney et al., 2001), as the unavailability to identify and measure this organizational factor, that is “socially complex” and intangible in its nature. In this work, using the findings of our empirical research on Spanish (...) biotechnology firms, we carry out an identification and measurement of corporate reputation, highlighting its two key components: “business reputation” and “social reputation”. (shrink)

Economic and social activities are undergoing radical changes, which can be labelled as ‘knowledge economy and/or society’. In this sense, intellectual capital, or knowledge assets, as the fourth factor of production, is replacing the other ones – job, land and capital. This article tries to offer the origins and nature of the firm’s IC that can be labelled as ‘An Intellectual Capital-Based View of the Firm Competition’. This framework tries to highlight the strategic role of different intangible assets like talented (...) and committed workers, cultural values, or long-term relationships among the firm and its stakeholders – customers, allies, suppliers and society in general – in gaining and sustaining competitive advantages, being the management of IC a key issue in the management agenda. (shrink)

Background Doctors are increasingly faced with end-of-life decisions. Little is known about how medical students approach euthanasia. The objective of this study was to evaluate, among medical students and residents, the view on euthanasia and its variants; correlate such a view with empathy and religiosity/spiritualism; and with the stages of medical training in Brazil. Methods This is an exploratory cross-sectional study using an online questionnaire to be filled out on a voluntary basis among medical students and residents, consisting of: socio-demographic (...) data, an empathy questionnaire and questions with elaborate clinical cases that typify situations of the variants of euthanasia. Results From 1550 invitations, 273 volunteer participants responded (17.6%). The percentages of strong agreement/agreement on the concepts were: passive euthanasia (72.9%); active euthanasia (22.3%), orthothanasia (90.1%), dysthanasia (18.7%), assisted suicide (33%) and sedation (82.8%). Passive euthanasia, active euthanasia, dysthanasia and assisted suicide showed greater refusal with increasing length of medical training. Religious belief and degree of empathy did not significantly influence the opinion about the concepts. Strong agreement/agreement were: passive euthanasia (72.9%); active euthanasia (22.3%), orthothanasia (90.1%), dysthanasia (18.7%), assisted suicide (33%) and sedation (82.8%). Conclusions Passive euthanasia, active euthanasia, dysthanasia and assisted suicide showed greater refusal with increasing length of medical training. The external validation of our findings relies on the distinct legal, cultural, and religious frameworks found across various countries. (shrink)

After two decades in the 21st Century, and despite all the advances in the area, some very important names from past centuries still do not have the recognition they deserve in the global history of library and information science and, specifically, of knowledge organization. Although acknowledged in British librarianship, the name of James Duff Brown still does not have a proper recognition on a global scale. His contributions to a free and more democratic library had a prominent place in the (...) works and projects he developed during his time at the libraries of Clerkenwell and Islington in London. Free access to the library shelves, an architecture centered on books and people, and classifications that are more dynamic were dreams fulfilled by Brown. With this biographical article, we hope to live up to his legacy and pay homage to a true librarian and an advocate of the public library and subject classification. (shrink)

Economic and social activities are undergoing radical changes, which can be labelled as 'knowledge economy and/or society'. In this sense, intellectual capital (IC), or knowledge assets, as the fourth factor of production, is replacing the other ones-job, land and capital. This article tries to offer the origins and nature of the firm's IC that can be labelled as 'An Intellectual Capital-Based View of the Firm Competition'. This framework tries to highlight the strategic role of different intangible assets like talented and (...) committed workers, cultural values, or long-term relationships among the firm and its stakeholders-customers, allies, suppliers and society in general - in gaining and sustaining competitive advantages, being the management of IC a key issue in the management agenda. (shrink)

Desde un enfoque naturalista, el presente artículo muestra la importancia de las evidencias paleoantropológicas en el estudio de la formación de la conciencia moral. Desde el análisis de los restos fósiles del Pleistoceno, se busca profundizar en la hipótesis de Darwin sobre el origen de la conciencia moral siguiendo su obra _El origen del hombre_ (1871). Desde este punto de vista, la conciencia moral se va desarrollando de manera gradual y continua mediante mecanismos genéticos y culturales durante la evolución humana. (...) De alguna manera, la moral forma parte de nuestra estructura antropológica y la posibilidad de dar en libertad contenido a esa moral responde también a un proceso evolutivo. (shrink)

This paper examines and evaluates the models and the most important methods for solving clinical cases; namely, 1) principlism, 2) deontologism, 3) consequentialism, 4) casuistry, 5) virtue ethics and 6) ethics centered on the person. The strengths and weaknesses of each are weighed and an instrument is proposed to facilitate this type of analysis. As a group, the preference is for a methodology that articulates three models: the virtue approach, the person-centered approach, and these two in harmony with an ethics (...) centered on principles. The reasons for this comprehensive option are based primarily on recognition of the primacy of the dignity of the human person and on acknowledgement that complex clinical situations require a comprehensive view of both the person and clinical practice. The latter requires virtues, ethical principles and recognition of the human person as being endowed with inherent dignity and, in turn, as the foundation of ethics and clinical practice. DOI: 10.5294/pebi.2016.20.1.2. (shrink)

O novo (des)acordo ortográfico, por sua estupidez, deixou-nos reféns dos dicionários e do Vocabulário Ortográfico da Língua Portuguesa (Volp), não apenas por causa do hífen, mas também por causa do humor dos dicionaristas, nem sempre preparados para a função que exercem. Acredito mesmo que, à exceção de Antônio Geraldo da Cunha, que colaborou com o Dicionário Houaiss, e que infelizmente faleceu, nenhum colaborador ou autor de dicionário de língua tenha ou ponha em prática noções básicas de lexicografia.

O Correio Interceptado, que se compõe de 63 Cartas, fornece ao longo dos seus textos exemplos vários sobre o modo de estar em política. Aí são examinados com crítica espirituosa e intransigente diversos actos do poder político em exercício e tratam-se muitos assuntos de interesse para a história contemporânea. O modelo do periodismo da emigração londrina abriu a via, o arquétipo está agora instalado e projecta-se na produção dos periódicos deste período. Da autoria de José Ferreira Borges, emigrado em (...) Londres, ao mesmo tempo que outros, como Simões Margiochi e Ferreira de Moura, estas Cartas merecem, no campo da crítica da política e no quadro do novo paradigma comunicacional, a maior atenção. (shrink)

Mais do que tratar o conceito genérico de tempo, o objectivo deste texto foi o de articular em sistema algumas das coordenadas principais que integram e compõem o conceito de tempo na lexicografia e no pensamento do judaísmo. Acaba por se verificar que com estas coordenadas se representa uma intensa concepção da História enquanto vivência sobretudo dramática de acontecimentos e que este núcleo essencial do tempo-acontecimento avoca para dentro de si o próprio conceito de espaço e de mundo, miticamente, tal (...) como se encontra avocado e incluído o espaço no conceito de tempo primordial. (shrink)

Num século "ideofágico" e "mitofágico", em que "desconhecidos" agitadores, anti-escolásticos e defensores de ideais subversores, aparentemente não coniventes com o poder, lançam a discussão no seio do Estado e da Sociedade e tentam o centro, o meio-termo, à boa maneira de um eclectismo pontual que não esquece a visão conservadora, mas mantendo-se abertos às inova­ções, o pombalismo aparenta-se a um marco miliário que apresenta características transforma­cionais e, muitas vezes, polémicas ao nível das várias esferas, como a literária, por vezes mora­lizadora (...) e costumeira, a científica ou a técnica. Esta breve alusão conjuntural encaminha-nos ao Marquês de Pombal e às mudanças de paradigma em que se envolve, e assegura, enquanto protagonista do poder que contribui, nesta ambiência, para a abertura a várias transmutações, numa espécie de inter-comunicabilidade entre paradigmas. É sob este ponto de vista da mu­dança, que o inquérito pombalino, só por si inovador, mandado realizar, após o terramoto de 1755, nos envia, para lá da ruptura técnico-científica que em si encerra, para o sistematizado aparecer de um novo conceito de temporalidade, no mínimo de outra medição do tempo, que devendo ser olhado na perspectiva social, económica, política e cultural, merece, sobretudo, ser visto sob o ângulo em apreço neste trabalho, isto é, no de um outro tempo que se aproxima. (shrink)

Num tempo em que os média, assoalhados pelas novas tecnologias, começam a deixar de cumprir a sua função mediadora e de teatro das operações sociais, tem lógica falar do esgotamento da utopia em favor da distopia. Não tem mais sentido abordar a utopia democrática, quando o poder apenas pretende garantir o lealismo do cidadão, a fidelidade acéfala no altar do politicamente correcto. O sistema categorial que caracterizava o espaço público em parte do século XX, espaço simbólico de democracia em acção, (...) perdeu toda a significação. Consumismo, fidelidade do cidadão, desempenho são as noções que agora fazem sentido e ganham significância, num mundo que caminha para a insignificância. (shrink)

Perscrutar os processos semânticos do conceito de justiça, no espaço bíblico, conduz-nos à descoberta de percursos de sinonímia, em que os múltiplos campos semânticos se cruzam com outros instrumentos conceptuais, no intuito de recolher numa fórmula aquilo que é essencial. Por este caminho podemos contemplar as modalidades com que as culturas do mesmo contexto organizam as suas evidências mais profundas, em sistemas harmónicos de referência e numa hierarquia orgânica de valores.

Discutem-se aqui alguns problemas oriundos de lições de gramáticos normativos que os analisam seguindo uma tradição equivocada, sem atentar para a linguística ou para o próprio sistema linguístico. Muitas vezes, guiados pela tradição ou pelo exemplo de algum autor que logrou firmar certa jurisprudência em matéria de língua, alguns gramáticos conseguem expor lições que os falantes estudiosos acabam por aceitar como verdadeiras.

Os pronomes pessoais podem ser usados de forma genérica, sem ligação direta com as pessoas do discurso. O pronome eu, por exemplo, com sentido genérico, pode designar não apenas o falante, mas o ouvinte ou qualquer outra pessoa. Imaginemos alguém que, falando das vantagens de se passar algum tempo no interior, diga, numa linguagem informal: “Numa cidadezinha, é bom, eu posso respirar ar puro, fazer higiene mental. Onde é que eu acho lugar melhor para descansar, senão na roça?”.

"Do livro como objecto de paixão" poderia ser perfeitamente o subtítulo deste Diction­naire Encyclopédique du Livre. Domínio recente e em pleno desenvolvimento, numa altura em que, impropriamente, se fala do livro electrónico, a História do Livro tem nesta obra colectiva uma irrecusável referência para quem, especialistas, amadores, bibliófilos, professores, estu­dantes ou grande público, deseje estar a par do estado dos conhecimentos nesta área do saber. Na linha pioneira de Henri-Jean Marti...

Cybernetics is a science characterized by the utopian search for new relationships between different areas of knowledge. After the Second World War, the best-known references in Western academia were Norbert Wiener’s approaches to this new discipline. However, there is another little-known hemisphere of this development that remains understudied and we claim is key for its history which refers to the pioneering work of scientists, engineers and cultural practitioners in Latin America, as well as the materialization of specific experiences that lead (...) us to reflect on the role that some regional milestones could have had in the global context. This volume of AI & Society covers points of view that were structured in the various most emblematic stages of these trajectories with the participation of agents that went beyond the assimilation and interpretation of external models, transforming themselves into fundamental and pioneering experiences, among others, the work of Mexican scientist Arturo Rosenblueth, or the impact of the concept of Autopoiesis. Through this article we introduce the outcome of the research—presented in great length in the contributions of this volume—on some of the main stages and trends that constituted the evolution of cybernetics in Latin America. The particular contributions of the authors in this issue have helped to reconstituting these contexts while developing a continuous horizon which also explores future practices. (shrink)

He escogido como tema de mi última lectio “Pneumatología política: la utopía renace”. He querido retomar el tema de mi tesis doctoral, presentada y defendida en el año 1973, que se titulaba “La teología política y Félicité Lamennais ”1. En aquel trabajo estudié el proceso intelectual y teológico de aquel inquieto presbítero francés, que primero fue tradicionalista, después liberal y finalmente socialista apocalíptico, y lo confronté con una de las teologías emergentes del inmediato posconcilio: la “teología política”. Hoy quisiera presentar (...) el tema de la teología política en un nuevo contexto, cuarenta y un años después. Creo que habría que cambiar algunos acentos importantes. El título escogido lo refleja: Pneumatología Política: la utopía renace. (shrink)

Different theoretical approaches highlight the growing relevance of corporate reputation as strategic factor. Among these approaches the arguments of the Resource-Based View are special worthwhile (Grant, 1991, California Management Review33(3), 114–135; Barney, 1999, Sloan Management Review Spring, 137–145). Nevertheless, this topic poses several methodological problems (Barney et al., 2001), as the unavailability to identify and measure this organizational factor, that is “socially complex” and intangible in its nature. In this work, using the findings of our empirical research on Spanish biotechnology (...) firms, we carry out an identification and measurement of corporate reputation, highlighting its two key components: “business reputation” and “social reputation”. (shrink)

The emergent Coronavirus Disease 2019 caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 could produce a maternal immune activation via the inflammatory response during gestation that may impair fetal neurodevelopment and lead to postnatal and adulthood mental illness and behavioral dysfunctions. However, so far, limited evidence exists regarding long-term physiological, immunological, and neurodevelopmental modifications produced by the SARS-CoV-2 in the human maternal-fetal binomial and, particularly, in the offspring. Relevant findings derived from epidemiological and preclinical models show that a MIA (...) is indeed linked to an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in the offspring. We hypothesize that a gestational infection triggered by SARS-CoV-2 increases the risks leading to neurodevelopmental disorders of the newborn, which can affect childhood and the long-term quality of life. In particular, disruption of either the maternal or the fetal cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway could cause or exacerbate the severity of COVID-19 in the maternal-fetal binomial. From a translational perspective, in this paper, we discuss the possible manifestation of a MIA by SARS-CoV-2 and the subsequent neurodevelopmental disorders considering the role of the fetal-maternal cytokine cross-talk and the CAP. Specifically, we highlight the urgent need of preclinical studies as well as multicenter and international databanks of maternal-fetal psychophysiological data obtained pre-, during, and post-infection by SARS-CoV-2 from pregnant women and their offspring. (shrink)

ObjectiveThis study aimed to analyze the influence and measurement of the relationship and interaction between the elderly lifestyles after the appearance of the SARS-CoV-2 variant and the factors analyzed comprised life satisfaction levels, social relationships, and daily-life activities.MethodsThe study population was ≥ 65 in Castile-La Mancha. The research design was quantitative and arose from primary data collected via an ad hoc survey carried out through the Computer Assisted Telephone Interview system by randomly stratified sampling. The sample size was made up (...) of 1,065 cases, and the participants were selected through a random sampling stratified by gender quotas, age, province, and habitat size.ResultsThe results obtained revealed two main lifestyles, from which a notable behavioral change in personal relationships led to infer toward alternative lifestyles.ConclusionNotwithstanding the variation in lifestyles of the elderly after the pandemic, certain relationships remained unaltered. Thus, from the analyzed variables, relatives and friends relationships were scarcely influenced by the supervened incident. (shrink)